Minimally Jointed Symmetrical Pygopagus Twins - Successful Surgical Separation.

Conjoined pygopagus accounts for about 17% of all conjoined twins and commonly share the gluteal region, terminal spine, lower gastrointestinal, urological, and reproductive tracts. This makes their separation a very challenging task. We report herein pygopagus twins who had minimal fusion in coccygeal region and could be separated without a complicated procedure. The case is being reported to add to the literature and emphasize that simple fusion in conjoined twins can be relatively easy to manage.

Surgical Management of Adnexal Masses in the Pediatric and Adolescent Age Group: Our Experience.

CONTEXT: Adnexal masses in girls represent a wide pathological spectrum. We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical and diagnostic aspects of adnexal masses in girls. AIMS: To analyze the clinical characteristics and surgical management of adnexal masses in children and adolescents. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Retrospective observational analysis from 2000 to 2020. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This analysis was performed on 28 children under the age of 17 years with adnexal masses who were managed by us at tertiary care centers of Delhi-NCR. Patients were analyzed based on their age at the time of admission, their presenting complaints, clinical and radiological findings, tumor markers, management, and follow-up. RESULTS: The age ranged between newborn and 17 years. Abdominal pain, nausea with vomiting, and abdominal lump was the most common presenting complaints. Pelvic ultrasound with or without color Doppler done in all patients and computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in seven patients preoperatively. Adnexal masses were unilateral in 26 (92.85%) patients and bilateral in 2 (7.15%) patients. Five babies had antenatal diagnosis of ovarian cysts. Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-HCG) were normal in all 19 tested patients. Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) was raised in three ovarian tumors out of 9 tested patients. Laparoscopy was performed in 23 out of 28 patients (30 ovaries). Ovarian cyst torsion was present in 50% patients. Ovarian cystectomy was done in 10 (33.3%) patients. Six (20%) ovaries were saved by detorsion of the ovary and deroofing of the cyst with or without ovarian biopsy. Oophorectomy was done in five (16.7%) patients. Salpingo-oopherectomy had to be done in seven (23.3%) patients. Histopathology revealed functional nonneoplastic lesions in 18 cases (66.7%), benign neoplastic lesions in 8 cases (29.6%), and malignant neoplastic lesion in 1 case (3.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Adnexal masses in children are generally benign. AFP, b-HCG, and CA-125 in ovarian torsion are within normal limits. Urgent surgery is required if torsion is established. The ovary should be preserved wherever possible.

Simultaneous Endoscopic Management of Urethral Duplication and Postposterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty Urethral Diverticulum in a Boy with Anorectal Malformation.

We report a case of urethral duplication with high anorectal malformation (ARM). A 12-year-old boy who had undergone transverse colostomy on day 2 of life and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) for ARM (rectobulbar fistula) at 8 years and also had urinary dribbling from a midscrotal opening in addition to normal voiding, presented with recurrent urinary tract infections and dysuria. Midscrotal dribbling had continued postoperatively. Colostomy had been closed 3 months after PSARP. Investigations revealed a large urethral diverticulum at the site of rectourethral fistula due to a segment of the gut being left behind during fistula closure. In addition, he had a sagittal urethral duplication originating at bulbar urethra and opening externally at midscrotum. The highlight of this report is successful endoscopic management of both the urethral duplication and the diverticulum.

Management of Choledocholithiasis in a 5-Month-Old Male Postprimary Repair of Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula.

Choledocholithiasis (CDL) in neonates and infants is <1 in 5000. There is no gold standard for the management of CDL in the pediatric population. In English literature, this is the first case report of a baby born with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (Type C) with cholangitis, who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and peroral extraction of a large calculus in the common bile duct after primary repair of esophagus.

Congenital Thymic Cyst: Antenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Management.

Thymic cyst is regarded as a rare anomaly, accounting for about 3% of all anterior mediastinal masses. It can be either congenital or acquired. Congenital thymic cysts are usually asymptomatic, with about 50% found incidentally in childhood or adolescence. We report a case of 1-month 23-day-old male baby who was antenatally diagnosed at 32 weeks' gestation. Spontaneous resolution did not take place in the antenatal or neonatal period; instead, there was an increase in size on follow-up imaging. The baby was successfully managed by surgical excision.

Cytomegalovirus as a Cause of Colonic Stricture-Simulating Hirschsprung's Disease.

Colonic stenosis/atresias account for only 5%-15% of all atresias. Colonic stenosis is rarer than atresia and mostly occurs in ascending and transverse colon. Gastrointestinal sequelae of cytomegalovirus (CMV) are rare, frequently requires surgical intervention for diagnosis and management. We describe a 5-month-old female child with complaints of recurrent abdominal distension, vomiting, and constipation for 2 months simulating Hirschsprung's disease. After barium enema, the baby was taken up for surgery. Intraoperatively, we found a colonic stricture in the descending colon. The biopsy showed localized CMV infection.

Retroperitoneal Immature Teratoma in a Neonate.

We report a rare case of large immature retroperitoneal teratoma in a neonate. The diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of dealing with such a case have been discussed and the relevant literature reviewed.

Congenital Duodenal Obstruction in Neonates: Over 13 Years' Experience from a Single Centre.

AIM: To study the prevalence of associated anomalies with neonatal duodenal obstruction and factors impacting short-term survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of 31 neonates with neonatal duodenal obstruction could be retrieved and analyzed for a 13.5-year-period (October 2003-May 2016). M:F ratio was 1.58:1. The mean birth weight was 2.15 kg; 12 patients were preterm. Etiologies included duodenal atresia (n=23), duodenal web (n=8) and malrotation of gut (n= 6). RESULTS: Associated anomalies were seen in 19/31: Down's syndrome (n=6), anorectal malformation (ARM) (n=5), annular pancreas (n=5), cardiac anomalies (n=4), esophageal atresia with trachea-esophageal fistula (EA with TEF) (n=3). Mortality in the series was 22.5%; 5 deaths and 2 patients left against medical advice in moribund state (hidden mortality). Mortality in associated anomalies group was 5/19; and 2/12 in the no anomalies group, though this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.676). Similarly, low birth weight (LBW) did not have impact on survival (p=0.639) but preterm status had highly significant p value (<0.001). CONCLUSION: Duodenal atresia was the commonest cause of neonatal duodenal obstruction. Associated anomalies were noted in 61% patients, Down's syndrome being the most frequent. These anomalies did not have any significant impact on the survival, nor did LBW. Preterm status had significant impact on prognosis.